核心含义
withhold 的核心含义是“扣留”或“抑制”,即有意不给予或不让某事物发生或显露。本义指“持有某物不放”,由此引申出两个主要方向:一是“拒绝给予应给之物”,如 withhold payment(拒绝付款)、withhold consent(拒绝同意);二是“抑制情感或行为”,如 withhold one's anger(忍住愤怒)。此外,在信息领域,withhold 还常表示“隐瞒信息”,如 withhold information(隐瞒信息)。这些义项都围绕“有意不释放”这一共同点。
构词与来源
withhold 源自古英语 withheldan,由前缀 with-(意为“向后,反对”)和动词 holdan(即现代英语 hold)组成。字面意思为“向后拉住”,即“阻止前进”。记忆时可拆解为 with(对抗)+ hold(握持),想象“握持住不让其前进”的画面,从而记住“扣留、抑制”的核心含义。
什么场合用
withhold 在正式语境中常见,如法律文本(withhold evidence 隐瞒证据)、商务邮件(withhold payment 拒绝付款)、新闻报道(withhold information 隐瞒信息)和学术写作(withhold judgment 暂缓判断)。在日常口语中较少使用,但有时也会出现,如“I had to withhold my laughter.”(我不得不忍住笑。)语气通常正式、严肃,带有“有意为之”的意味。
用法要点
withhold 是及物动词,后接名词或代词作宾语,如 withhold the truth(隐瞒真相)。常见句型有:withhold sth. from sb.(对某人隐瞒某物),如“The company withheld the report from the public.”(公司对公众隐瞒了报告。);也可接动名词,如“He withheld paying the fine.”(他拒绝支付罚款。)易错点:不要与 hold up(延误)混淆,withhold 强调“扣留”而非“延迟”。
词义辨析
withhold 与 retain(保留)、keep back(扣留)和 conceal(隐藏)相近。withhold 强调“有意拒绝给予”,如 withhold approval(拒绝批准);retain 则指“继续保持拥有”,如 retain a copy(保留副本),不涉及拒绝;keep back 更口语化,如“keep back the truth”(隐瞒真相);conceal 侧重于“隐藏”事实或物品,如 conceal a weapon(隐藏武器)。选择时,若强调“拒绝给予”用 withhold,强调“保持”用 retain,强调“隐藏”用 conceal。
使用提示
withhold 属于正式词汇,语域较高,在口语中可能显得生硬。它本身为中性词,但常带有负面色彩,因为扣留或隐瞒往往被视为不当行为。常见误用包括:将 withhold 与 hold on(稍等)混淆;或误用为不及物动词,如“He withheld.”(应为“He withheld the information.”)。此外,withhold 的过去式和过去分词均为 withheld。
搭配用法
- withhold payment拒绝付款
- withhold information隐瞒信息
- withhold consent拒绝同意
- withhold approval拒绝批准
- withhold evidence隐瞒证据
- withhold tax代扣税款
- withhold one's judgment暂缓判断
- withhold from对...隐瞒
实用例句
The judge withheld the evidence from the jury.
She withheld her consent until she saw the full contract.
He withheld his anger and remained calm.
The company withheld dividends to invest in new projects.
You should not withhold information from your doctor.
They withheld judgment until all the facts were presented.
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